of the New Testament that stressed Jesus’ continuity with Judaism. Irenaeus was the first theologian to speak of the New Testament as “Scripture” in the same sense as the Old. Against the elaborate Gnostic cosmology, St. Clement of Alexandria (d. ca. 217) asserted that God created the universe from nothing, a doctrine that became a basic Christian teaching. It both affirmed God’s absolute power—“all things were made through him” (Jn 1:3)—and maintained an absolute distinction between God
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